Chambers dictionary synonym for subterranean
For the recovery of aggressive subterranean waters (waters containing carbonic acid and hydrogen sulfide, as well as waters with a low pH), capping wells are cased with pipes made of corrosion-resistant materials, such as alloy steels, vinyl plastic, polyethylene, and asbestos cement. Steel piping is usually used for casing such wells. This makes possible reliable separation of the water-bearing horizons in well holes (pipe casing or cementing of the annular space), prevention of cave-ins of the walls and the breakthrough of water into the annular space, and installation of pumping equipment that provides withdrawal at constant yield rates. Mechanized drilling permits the opening of water-bearing horizons and zones under rather difficult mining and geologic conditions at depths of 2 km or more. A nonpressured source can be capped by means of a chamber.īoreholes (singly or in groups) are the most commonly used type of capping structure. In the USSR drift capping has been performed in Piatigorsk abroad, it has been done in Bagneres-de-Luchon (France) and Ben-Haroun (Algeria). The drifts are sometimes accompanied by a system of sloping, horizontal, or rising holes drilled into the side walls and face section of an underground gallery to increase the influx of water. Drifts, which are extended horizontal or gently sloping mine tunnels built in highly broken areas, are used in addition to wells. For drilling in several water-bearing beds, the table designated for recovery is isolated from the underlying and overlying beds (strata) by plugging them. The simplest type of capping structure is the shaft well, which intercepts the subterranean waters of shallow-lying water tables the walls of the well are reinforced with masonry or cast concrete to prevent cave-ins. Modern capping structures for subterranean waters are characterized by great diversity of types and designs, which take into consideration the special features of the hydrogeologic conditions of an area, composition of the water, and technical and sanitary requirements, which are determined by preset conditions of water consumption and the specific purpose for which the water is to be used.
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The term “water intake” is also used as a synonym for the interception of subterranean fresh water, thermal springs, and industrial effluents.Ĭapping, which has been known since the early days of civilization, was highly developed in ancient Rome (the thermal baths of Emperor Caracalla water-supply works), Mesopotamia, Portugal (Aquae Flaviae), and the Caucasus (karez, or underground irrigation canals). Send us feedback.A complex of engineering and technological measures that provide for drilling in subterranean waters, oil, and gas, raising them to the surface, and the possibility of exploitation under optimum conditions (yield, chemical composition, and temperature) that remain stable over a period of time. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'aerate.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. 2021 Heavy compactors outfitted with spiked treads crush and aerate the day’s waste to encourage decomposition, and then bulldozers and backhoes cover the open areas with dirt to control odor, animals, and dust.ĭylan Taylor-lehman, Popular Mechanics, 29 July 2021 Over time, the worms and other soil creatures draw down the organic matter, and their tunnels aerate the soil (along with the regular subterranean forking).Īdrian Higgins, Washington Post, 14 July 2021 See More 2021 Their hooves aerate the soil, while their urine and feces enrich it.
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2022 Sift in the cocoa powder and baking soda, then whisk the dry ingredients together to aerate and combine. 2022 Txakoli is an acidic, low-alcohol and sometimes fizzy white wine that is usually poured from a bottle held high-like mint tea poured from a pot in a Morocco-to aerate the juice. Maher said, and many other creatures use their burrows. 2022 Their digging helps aerate and enrich soil, Dr.
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Lela London, Forbes, The leaves will decompose faster if shredded and turned every month or so to aerate the pile, but that is too much work for me. Recent Examples on the Web To release the spice and smoke, aerate for at least 30 minutes.